Transmitting Narrative: An Interactive Shift-Summarization Tool for Improving Nurse Communication
Angus Forbes∗, Mihai Surdeanu†, Peter Jansen‡
School of Information, University of Arizona
Department of Nursing, University of Arizona
ABSTRACT
prevention of adverse health events []. However, unintended
This paper describes an ongoing visualization project that
consequences mitigate the effectiveness of the EHR [, ,
aims to improve nurse communication. In particular, we in-
]. Most problematically, nurses alternately taking care of a
vestigate the transmission of information that is related to
patient are unable to effectively sift through the large amount
potentially life-threatening clinical events. Currently these
of data available via the EHR in order to find pertinent in-
events may remain unnoticed or are misinterpreted by nurses,
formation. Studies of nurse behavior has found that many
or most unfortunately, are simply not communicated clearly
nurses make an effort to talk to each other face-to-face as
between nurses during a shift change, leading in some cases
they change shifts Ideally, these face-to-face conversa-
to catastrophic results. Our visualization system is based on
tions provide a way for the responding nurse (leaving the cur-
a novel application of machine learning and natural language
rent shift) to explain his or her interpretation of the patient’s
processing algorithms. Results are presented in the form of an
well being to the receiving nurse (starting the next shift). The
interactive shift-summarization tool which augments existing
absence of this dialog may account for an alarming number
Electronic Health Records (EHRs). This tool provides a high
of miscommunications that have lead to catastrophic events in
level overview of the patient’s health that is generated through
patient health [For instance, a report by the Institute of
an analysis of heterogeneous data: verbal summarizations de-
Medicine [finds that up to 98,000 patients die per year as a
scribing the patient’s health provided by the nurse in charge
result of complications of therapy due to ineffective commu-
of the patient, the various monitored vital signs of the patient,
nication and, moreover, that errors in communication cost US
and historical information of patients that had unexpected ad-
hospitals an estimated $12 billion annually ]. Although
verse reactions that were not foreseen by the receiving nurse
providing verbal summarizations of patient health during in
despite being indicated by the responding nurse. In this pa-
the hand-off between responding and receiving nurses can
per, we introduce the urgent need for such a tool, describe
be helpful, these summarizations can themselves be misin-
the various components of our heterogeneous data analysis
system, and present proposed enhancements to EHRs via the
In this paper, we describe an interactive visualization system
shift-summarization tool. This interactive, visual tool clearly
that augments EHRs to improve nurse-to-nurse communica-
indicates potential clinical events generated by our automated
tion. Our system uses a novel application of machine learn-
inferencing system; lets a nurse quickly verify the likelihood
ing and natural language processing techniques to generate a
of these events; provides a mechanism for annotating the gen-
series of potential clinical events [and, furthermore, can
erated events; and finally, makes it easy for a nurse to navigate
offer reasons why these events are plausible based on an anal-
the temporal aspects of patient data collected during a shift.
ysis of: the vital signs recorded in the EHR; the verbal “hand-
This temporal data can then be used to interactively articu-
off” summary of patient health made by the responding nurse;
late a narrative that more effectively transmits pertinent data
and historical EHR data of patients that had unexpected ad-
verse clinical events. In particular we look at data relatedto six categories of clinical events that are most likely to be
Author Keywords
a precursor to unexpected patient death: uncontrolled pain,
EHRs; text analytics; interactive verification; temporal data;
sudden fever, bleeding, changes in respiratory status, changes
heterogeneous data alignment; health informatics.
in level of consciousness, and changes in output. We fur-ther describe a novel, interactive shift-summarization visual-
ACM Classification Keywords
ization tool that provides: 1) the automatic proposal and noti-
H.5.m. Information Interfaces and Presentation (e.g. HCI):
fication of these potentially adverse clinical events; 2) a way
for nurses to verify the likelihood of these events; 3) a mecha-nism for annotating the automatic proposals and for allowing
INTRODUCTION
the nurse to propose their own events; 4) and finally, an inter-
The introduction and subsequent adoption of the Electronic
active tool that lets the responding nurse associate vital signs
Health Record (hereafter, EHR) is a step forward in automat-
as they evolve over time with an overview narrative, making it
ing data collection useful in the analysis of patient health and
easier to indicate highly pertinent data to the receiving nurse. In effect, our system aims to replicate, to some extent, aspects
of face-to-face nurse communication that may have been lost
through the introduction of EHRs, and to formalize the ver-
bal summarization that some nurses have improvised. That
is, our visualization system aims to make it easy for nurses
(e.g., [While the SMT analogy is strong, there are clear
to create, transmit, and verify narratives about patient health
differences between SMT and the task at hand. Most im-
that augment their expert knowledge for improved decision
portantly, most of the information in the EHR is stored as
continuous numeric values (i.e., vital sign measurements),which cannot be directly used in an alignment model. Using
Both the development of a computational model to pre-
the same SMT analogy, this is equivalent to a language with
dict clinical events and the creation of interactive visualiza-
an infinite vocabulary (one “word” for each numeric value
tion tools based upon this model make use of data gathered
of each vital sign). To mitigate this problem, we discretize
from real-world scenarios where EHRs are used by nurses
the numeric measurements using a three-point scale: below
in making decisions regarding patient treatment. Currently,
normal, normal, above normal. Because the hand-off reports
we have extensively annotated data generated through inter-
are considerably more verbose than the EHR, the granularity
views with 37 nurses using EHRs who oversaw patients who
of the information stored in the two documents varies con-
died unexpectedly, and we are streamlining the interview-
siderably. For example, an nurse will often choose to ex-
ing process in order to gather 100 more samples of nurse
plain a single vital sign measurement using one or more sen-
(mis)communication ]. Although this work is ongoing,
tences. This is different than SMT, where individual words
it brings together interdisciplinary expertise in health infor-
(or small phrases) in the source language are aligned to sim-
matics, machine learning, and text analytics with the aim of
ilar words (or phrases) in the destination language. Fortu-
creating an effective interactive visualization tool with the po-
nately, methods for dealing with this disparity are common in
other fields where SMT models are applied to non-translationtasks, such as question answering [where one of the “lan-
GENERATING AND EXPLAINING CLINICAL EVENTS
guages” is considerably more verbose. Our alignment model
The computational modeling component of our visualization
is trained using matched pairs of EHRs and hand-off reports
is divided into four interrelated modules, each making use of
for a given patient. While SMT models typically require a
information available in the EHR and/or the transcriptions of
large set of aligned texts in each of the two languages to ar-
verbal summarizations, or “hand-off” reports, created by the
rive at seamless translations, restricting our SMT model to
responding nurse. The first two models provide a detection
domain-specific alignments allows us to train using a rela-
facility for clinical events, as well as a probabilistic outcome
prediction mechanism to determine the relative likelihood ofan undesired outcome given the detection of a clinical event.
Our models produce the following main results (listed below),
To make certain that the hand-off report is properly connected
which are then displayed or are interactively investigated via
with the EHR data, a third model grounds the narrative of
the shift-summarization tool. The evaluation criteria for the
the hand-off report with vital sign measurements in the EHR.
computational models are a) the success at detecting events,
These links between the two content modalities are further
and b) the accuracy in predicting patient outcomes. Standard
exploited in the fourth model, which generates an automated
evaluation of these metrics consists of comparing accuracy (in
summary of the hand-off report, highlighting information that
terms of sensitivity and specificity) against a gold-standard
is predictive of a negative patient outcome.
set of data created by expert human annotators, which we arecurrently in the process of generating. Our inference justi-
Previous research, such as [explores the usefulness of
fication model will likewise be evaluated against alignments
using natural language processing techniques in the context of
health informatics and medical decision making. Our systemintroduces the idea of aligning the EHR data that tracks vital
health signals from EHR with the verbal hand-off reports cre-
Given an electronic health record for a patient, a nurse-to-
ated by the nurses. This central feature of our system stems
nurse verbal hand-off transcript, or both, the computational
from the observation that there are clear connections between
model serves as a multiclass classifier able to detect whether
the two data sets, and that the responding nurse typically ex-
a clinical event has occurred or not. Moreover, the model
plains the most relevant aspects of the EHR in the hand-off
provides the central predictive features that it used to arrive at
report. The information in these two modalities therefore is
jointly extracted, such that in the case where a vital sign mea-surement is highlighted in the EHR, the corresponding text in
the hand-off report that describes and elaborates on this vital
Given an electronic health record for a patient, a nurse-to-
sign should also be extracted to provide the receiving nurse
nurse verbal hand-off transcript, or both, the computational
with more contextually useful diagnostic information.
model generates a probability distribution over a set of possi-ble patient outcomes (neutral, extended length of stay, failure
Grounding the text of the hand-off report in the vital sign
to rescue). This model also provides the central predictive
measurements of the EHR can be viewed as an alignment
features used to arrive at this inference.
task that can be formalized as a statistical machine translation(SMT) problem. Conceptually, the EHR and the hand-off re-
port can be viewed as as two documents describing the same
Given a detection or prediction inference, the computational
information in different “languages.” The alignment between
model is able to identify specific features in the EHR or hand-
these two languages (which grounds the hand-off report in
off report that it used to arrive at that inference. Using the
terms of the EHR data) can be learned using SMT algorithms
grounding of the natural language of the verbal report in EHR
data, the model identifies which EHR features align with par-
the computational models: the alignment between EHR data
ticular sections of the verbal report – providing justification
and the responding nurses verbal summarization of the events
from multiple sources – or shows where information con-
during the shift; a series of generated explanations as to why
tained in either the EHR or verbal report was not detected in
these events happened; and an overview likelihood, based on
the other modality, suggesting a possible error where patient
historical data, of whether or not these generated events could
information was miscommunicated, incorrectly recorded, or
lead to adverse changes in patient condition. Additionally, we
incorporate temporal aspects of the EHR data in order to aug-ment the receiving nurses decision making when verifying the
EHR and Hand-off Report Summarization
recommendations produced by the data analysis module.
Given a hand-off report and corresponding EHR, the compu-tational model generates an automated summary highlighting
Specifically, our visualization enhancements provide: a way
information that is highly predictive of a negative outcome,
to notify nurses about high-risk situations; detailed informa-
based on an analysis of historical patient data indicating par-
tion that nurses can use to verify these notifications; a way
ticular patterns that led to adverse events.
for nurses to meaningfully annotate their interpretation of thepatient health in relation to inferred clinical events; and fi-nally, a system that encourages a nurse to link annotations to
Potential for Major Clinical Event
temporal data in order to narrate the overall story of how the
patients health evolved over the course of a shift. Each en-hancement builds on the previous, adding functionality that
increases the effective transfer of pertinent information be-
tween nurses when using EHRs. We are implementing the
prototype of our shift summarization tool on an iPad tablet,
but expect also to port it to desktop environments or othermobile devices. Enhancement 1: Shift Summarization (Notify and verify)Our primary enhancement clearly presents the results of ourcomputational analysis. All six of the major clinical events
Generated Clinical Events
are listed, and high-likelihood events (as determined via a his-torical analysis of the EHRs of patients who suffered these
events) are highlighted. The receiving nurse is thus, at a
glance, informed as to whether or not the patient is in im-
"weird fluctuation in heart rate"
In addition to this high-level overview specific to the major
clinical events, we also generate a list of other inferred clin-
"weird fluctuation in heart rate"
ical events that occurred during the shift and provide the ev-
idence as to why they were inferred. That is, for each of the
generated clinical events, we link to the EHR monitoring dataor the transcription of the nurse’s verbal summarization that
Figure 1. A prototype of the overview page of our shift-summarization
led our system to conclude that the event occurred.
tool. At the top we see a simple bar chart indicating high-risk clinicalevents (determined through an evaluation of historical EHR data). At
Explicitly presenting data that shows the logic behind the
the bottom we see a list of events generated by our system (based on
computational inference functions both as a way to create
expert rules), alongside related textual snippets from the nurse’s “hand-
trust in the system, as has been shown in research on (or im-
plemented in) recommendation systems, such as [, ,, ], and also provides a starting point for verifying or
VISUALIZATION TOOLS FOR EHRS
invalidating the automatic notifications, which could be espe-
The existing design of EHRs is graphically cluttered and pars-
cially important in the case of false alarms. A third compo-
ing patient data can be cognitively-taxing, even for experts
nent of this first enhancement is to provide an interface for
[Moreover, in the attempt to provide information about
browsing the alignment between EHR data and text. This en-
all possible indicators of clinical events, ironically, the most
ables the nurses to verify results of our automated system eas-
relevant and potentially life-threatening of these can be ob-
ily, and also to search freely for patient-specific information
fuscated While previous work has explored different
that could bolster or invalidate the automated recommenda-
approaches to visualizing and managing the complexity of
tions. Figure shows a prototype of this enhancement. At
EHRs, for example [, our shift-summarization tool pro-
the top we see a simple bar chart indicating high-risk clini-
vides enhancements to EHRs to improve nurse comprehen-
cal events. At the bottom we see a list of events generated
sion of and communication about patient data that is related
by our system, alongside related textual snippets from the
in particular to signals of a sudden and unexpected change in
nurse’s hand-off report. Figure shows an example of how a
patient condition. The primary components of our visualiza-
nurse selecting a particular explanation for a generated clini-
tion enhancements are based directly on the data generated by
cal event can instantly see more detail about the aligned text
and EHR vital signs that lead our system to present this ex-
the responding nurse to browse the generated events and an-
notations along with the temporal EHR data (e.g. the “flowsheet”) and then to create a visual narrative of how the nurse
Enhancement 2: Issue Tracking the EHR (Annotate)
reasons about the possibility of clinical events. Narratives are
This enhancement aims to promote dialog between the
made up of pertinent, sequential events, and providing a sys-
nurses, to foster engagement with relevant information about
tem that allows the nurse to explain the events of the shift in
patient health, and to provide accountability for the nurses
a narrative format attempts to replace an important aspect of
face-to-face communication that is otherwise lost in the hand-
The generated clinical events are essentially an interpreta-
off. Figure shows a sketch of the proposed enhancement in
tion of the raw data and the nurses verbal summary of the
which an annotated timeline is associated with potential clin-
shift. Moreover, the alignment process between the EHR
ical events. The circles indicate highlighted raw vital signs
data and the verbal summary is also based on encoded as-
from an EHR flow sheet that led the responding nurse to make
sumptions. We provide a system for the nurses to agree or
disagree with the automatically generated clinical events and
Generated Clinical Event Textual Summary Excerpt from Vital Sign Stream
to annotate them with additional pertinent information. The
… I noticed that the patient was not sleeping all that
annotations are in the form of a predefined comment – such
much. We gave the patient more pillows and replaced
a flickering light bulb, but the patient still reported
some insomnia, with lots of tossing and turning. I also
as “agree”, “disagree”, or “inconclusive” – and, optionally,
noticed he was irritated and there were some
occasions when I observed him muttering to himself.
space is available for further detailed commentary. By pro-
When he did manage to sleep, he left lots of drool on
his pillow. Also, despite an increased dosage of
viding a mechanism that operates, essentially, as an issue-
fludrocortisone to treat his orthotic hypotension, the
patient's pressure seemed unusually low. Also, I continue to monitor the weird fluctuation in heart rate
tracker, nurses have an opportunity to create and respond to
forums about particular events that may be important to the
Figure 2. An example of how a nurse selecting a particular explanation
patients health. In issue-tracking software or websites used
for a generated clinical event can instantly see more detail about the
for software projects (such as ]), this type of commen-
aligned text and EHR vital signs that lead our system to present this
tary is used to build consensus on interpretation, to expedite
decision making, and to facilitate conversation By re-quiring the nurses to annotate each of the generated events
Evaluation Methods and Considerations
as well providing the ability to define their own, we instantly
Our shift-summarization tool aims to clearly represent the au-
create a focused dialog about the relevant issues regarding the
tomated interpretation of patient data as well as the sentiment
health of the patient. Furthermore, this mechanism creates a
of the responding nurse and, second, to ensure that the receiv-
trail of accountability, as the nurse can explicitly explain their
ing nurses trust the representation sufficiently to incorporate
reasons for disregarding an event, or modify the reasoning be-
it into their decision making. Our system is meant to augment
(and not replace) nurses’ expert skills, and our evaluation isaimed not only at justifying appropriate visualization meth-
The enhancement is split into two related components, one
ods but also to measure the effectiveness of their integration
for the responding nurse and the other for the receiving nurse.
First, we allow the responding nurse to evaluate the shift sum-marization created by Enhancement 1. In particular, we allowthe nurse to annotate the generated events, either with prede-
fined terms, or with a more detailed textual explanation. Thusthe receiving nurse has more information regarding consensus
between the automated interpretation and the nurses interpre-
tation of events in the shift. Second, we similarly provide a
space to indicate agreement or disagreement with generated
events and allow the receiving nurse to indicate that he orshe has read and the responding nurses annotations as well as
space to provide additional commentary. Enhancement 3: Telling a story via temporal data (Narrate)
This enhancement extends the annotation mechanisms de-
scribed in Enhancement 2, allowing the responding nurse to
link their interpretation of the patient’s health to particular
Figure 3. An annotated timeline that helps to tell a story by relating
events in time. That is, we allow the responding nurse to
pertinent points of data on particular vital sign streams to nurse inter-
create a curated timeline of the patient’s health as it evolved
over the course of the previous shift. The receiving nursecan then use this temporally-contextualized data to augment
Our two main contributions throughout these enhancements
his or her decision making process during the current shift.
are a) clearly representing the results generated by our com-
Previous research has investigated visual information seeking
putational models, and b) providing an interactive interface
over temporal data across multiple EHRs , Our
with which to support rapid exploration of EHR data. We hy-
project emphasizes the temporal aspects of the patient data
pothesize that each additional enhancement provides increas-
over the course of a single shift. This enhancement allows
ingly more effective communication leading to more accurate
diagnoses of at-risk patients. We further hypothesize that our
5. Bertram, D., Voida, A., Greenberg, S., and Walker, R.
system increases the nurses ability reason about salient in-
Communication, collaboration, and bugs: the social
formation, while simultaneously reducing the amount of time
nature of issue tracking in small, collocated teams. In
they spend filtering out irrelevant data. To test these hypothe-
Proceedings of the 2010 ACM conference on Computer
ses we plan to run user-studies with nursing students and
supported cooperative work, ACM (2010), 291–300.
practicing nurses. These user studies will examine whether an
6. Carrington, J. M. Development of a conceptual
expert using the proposed enhancements performs better than
framework to guide a program of research exploring
the automated system alone. We are also concerned about
nurse-to-nurse communication. CIN: Computers,
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Informatics, and Nursing 30, 6 (2012), 293–299.
tem and also with the amount of time it takes to use the en-hancements. Obviously if there is no trust in the system or
7. Carrington, J. M. The usefulness of nursing languages to
if it causes an undue burden, then nurses will be less likely
communicate a clinical event. CIN: Computers,
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in addition to the user-studies, we will also conduct cognitive
8. Carrington, J. M., and Tiase, V. L. Nursing informatics
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9. Cebul, R. D., Love, T. E., Jain, A. K., and Hebert, C. J.
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Electronic health records and quality of diabetes care.
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Rutledge, L., Stash, N., Aroyo, L., and Wielinga, B. The
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