Microsoft word - 0352d02434cself study-part

INJEX Self Study Program – Part 1
Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin.
Diabetes is a disorder of metabolism -- the way our bodies use digested food for
growth and energy. Most of the food we eat is broken down into glucose, the form
of sugar in the blood. Glucose is the main source of fuel for the body.
After digestion, glucose passes into the bloodstream, where it is used by cells for growth and energy. For glucose to get into cells, insulin must be present. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas, a large gland behind the stomach. When we eat, the pancreas automatically produces the right amount of insulin to move glucose from blood into our cells. In people with diabetes, however, the pancreas either produces little or no insulin, or the cells do not respond appropriately to the insulin that is produced. Glucose builds up in the blood, overflows into the urine, and passes out of the body. Thus, the body loses its main source of fuel even though the blood contains large amounts of sugar. What are the different types of Diabetes? Type 1 Diabetes: Results from the body's failure to produce insulin, the hormone
that "unlocks" the cells of the body, allowing glucose to enter and fuel them. To
make this simple, Type 1 diabetes is an auto-immune disease where the body's
immune system destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This type
of diabetes, also known as juvenile-onset diabetes, accounts for 10-15% of all
people with the disease. It can appear at any age, although commonly under 40,
and is triggered by environmental factors such as viruses, diet or chemicals in
people genetically predisposed. People with type 1 diabetes must inject
themselves with insulin several times a day and follow a careful diet and exercise
plan.
Type 2 Diabetes: Results from insulin resistance (a condition in which the body
fails to properly use insulin), combined with relative insulin deficiency.
Type 2 Diabetes is the most common form of diabetes, affecting 85-90% of all people with the disease. This type of diabetes is also known as late-onset diabetes. The disease is strongly genetic in origin but lifestyle factors such as excess weight, inactivity, high blood pressure and poor diet are major risk factors for its development. Symptoms may not show for many years and, by the time they appear, significant problems may have developed. People with type 2 diabetes are twice as likely to suffer cardiovascular disease. Type 2 diabetes may be treated by dietary changes, exercise and/or tablets. Insulin injections may later be required. Gestational Diabetes: Immediately after pregnancy, 5% to 10% of women with
gestational diabetes are found to have diabetes, usually, type 2.
Pre-diabetes
Pre-diabetes is a condition that occurs when a person's blood glucose levels are
higher than normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.
Insulin is a hormone with extensive effects on both metabolism and several other
body systems (eg, vascular compliance). Insulin causes most of the body's cells to
take up glucose from the blood (including liver, muscle and fat tissue cells), storing
it as glycogen in the liver and muscle, and stops use of fat as an energy source.
When insulin is absent (or low), glucose is not taken up by most body cells and the
body begins to use fat as an energy source (i.e., transfer of lipids from adipose
tissue to the liver for mobilization as an energy source). As its level is a central
metabolic control mechanism, its status is also used as a control signal to other
body systems (such as amino acid uptake by body cells). It has several other
anabolic effects throughout the body. When control of insulin level fails, Diabetes
Mellitus sets in.
Insulin is used medically to treat some forms of diabetes mellitus. Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus depend on external insulin (most commonly injected subcutaneously) for their survival because the hormone is no longer produced internally. Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus are Insulin Resistant, and because of that, may suffer from a relative insulin deficiency; some patients with Type 2 diabetes may eventually require insulin when other medications fail to control blood glucose levels adequately. Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acid residues and has a
Molecular Weight of 5808 Daltons. It is produced in the islets of Langerhans in
the Pancreas. The name comes from the Latin insula meaning "island".
What are the different types of Insulin? Manufactured insulin comes in several types. Each type works at a different pace and most people have to use more than one kind to mimic what their bodies used to do all by themselves. Different types of insulin are like different types of Olympic runners. Some types of insulin are like sprinters. They start quickly, get to their top speed and finish fast. Other types of insulin are like marathon runners. They start slower and they keep going slow and steady for a long time. Then there are the ones in between- not as fast as a sprint and not as slow as a marathon. No one type of insulin is better than another. All types are important to keep your diabetes in control. Rapid-acting insulin (very fast acting-meal time insulin), often called lispro
(Humalog) and Insulin aspart (Novolog), is the fastest insulin of all. Once injected,
it starts to work within 15 minutes. It works hardest (or "peaks") at about an hour or
so after injection. It's usually used up in four or five hours. This kind of insulin is
designed so it can be injected right before meals. They should be injected under
the skin within 15 minutes before the patient eats. It starts to work about the time
the patient starts to eat. These insulins start working in five to 15 minutes and
lower the blood sugar most in 45 to 90 minutes. By the time the meal is digested
and sugar is beginning to move into the bloodstream, rapid-acting insulin is
working the hardest at moving that sugar into the cells. It finishes working in three
to four hours. With regular insulin you have to wait 30 to 45 minutes before eating.
Many people like using lispro because it's easier to coordinate eating with this type
of insulin.
Short-acting insulin (fast acting-meal time insulin), or "regular" insulin, is also
used around mealtime. It takes longer to work than rapid-acting insulin does. So
the patient takes short-acting insulin about 30 to 45 minutes before he/she plans to
eat and it peaks at about two or three hours. It can keep working for as long as six
hours. Rapid-acting and short-acting insulin are both "clear" insulin.
Intermediate-acting insulin (Basal insulin), or NPH (N) and Lente (L), is insulin
mixed with a substance that makes the body absorb the insulin more slowly. That's
why this type of insulin looks cloudy and has to be mixed before its injected. It
takes longer to start to work, and it stays in the patient’s body for a longer time.
NPH usually begins to work about two to four hours after injection. It peaks four to
10 hours after injection, and it keeps working for 10 to 16 hours. Lente lasts even
longer. It peaks at four to 12 hours after injection and stays in the body from 12 to
18 hours. Intermediate-acting insulin works all day if it is taken in the morning. A
shot of intermediate-acting insulin in the evening keeps insulin in the patient’s body
during the night.
Long-acting insulin (Basal insulin), also called Ultralente, starts to work in six to
10 hours and can stay in the body for 20 hours or more. It has a peak, but its top
speed looks a lot like its normal speed. Long-acting insulin is usually taken in the
morning or before bed, like intermediate-acting insulin.
Ultra-long-acting insulin called glargine (GLAR-jeen) insulin is injected once a
day. This is very long-acting insulin. It starts to lower blood glucose levels about 1
hour after injection, and keeps working evenly for 24 hours without any peaks.
Insulin mixtures (Mixture Insulin) - There may be advantages of using insulin
mixtures. They are a combination of rapid-acting insulin with long-acting insulin. i.e.
a mix of both basal and mealtime insulins in one solution. Humalog® Mix75/25™
(75% insulin lispro protamine suspension, 25% insulin lispro injection [rDNA origin])
and Humalog® Mix50/50™ (50% insulin lispro protamine suspension, 50% insulin
lispro injection [rDNA origin]) are Mixture Insulins. These are used primarily by
people with type 2 diabetes.
All insulins come dissolved or suspended in liquid; the most commonly used strength is U-100, which means there are 100 units of insulin per ml. Insulin can be injected into several places on the human body. Insulin injected near the stomach works fastest. Insulin injected into the thigh works slowest and a shot in the arm works at medium speed. These are good sites to administer insulin shots. How to store Insulin? (Advice to patients) If you use a whole bottle of insulin within 30 days, keep that bottle of insulin at room temperature. On the label write the date that is 30 days away. That date is when you should throw out the bottle with any insulin left in it. If you don't use a whole bottle within thirty days then you should store it in the refrigerator all of the time. If insulin gets too hot or too cold, it doesn't work right. So, don't keep insulin in the freezer or in the glove compartment of your car during warm weather. Keep at least one extra bottle of insulin around your house. Store extra insulin in the refrigerator. Brand Name
Duration
Comments
compensate for the sugar intake from food Usually used in combination with a faster-acting insulin to provide proper control at mealtimes concentration over Injected once daily at bedtime 24 hours www.injex.com
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Once you have gone through the above study module please do the following: 1. Prepare a data like the one given on page 5 mentioning the type, brand name and manufacturer’s name of insulin that are available in your market. 2. Provide the list of various containments of insulin available; like whether it is 3. Do open a Skype account as soon as possible. 4. Also ask all your sales personnel to open a Skype account. 6. Do feel free to contact us, should you require any further assistance. Thanking you in advance for your co-operation. Skype ID: eswar.injex

Source: http://www.ronedinternational.ro/files/injex/Despre%20INJEX%20studiul%20producatorului.pdf