Human papilloma virus vaccine and primary ovarian failure: another facet of the autoimmuneinflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants

Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine and Primary Ovarian Failure:Another Facet of the Autoimmune/Inflammatory SyndromeInduced by AdjuvantsSerena Colafrancesco1,2, Carlo Perricone1,2, Lucija Tomljenovic1,3, Yehuda Shoenfeld1,4 1Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel;2Rheumatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialities, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy;3Neural Dynamics Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada;4Incumbent of the Laura Schwarz-Kipp Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv,Israel Post-vaccination autoimmune phenomena are a major facet of the auto- immune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) and dif- ferent vaccines, including HPV, have been identified as possible causes.
The medical history of three young women who presented with second- Yehuda Shoenfeld, Department of Medicine B,Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, ary amenorrhea following HPV vaccination was collected. Data regard- 52621, Israel. E-mail: [email protected] ing type of vaccine, number of vaccination, personal, clinical andserological features, as well as response to treatments were analyzed.
Submission April 24, 2013;accepted June 25, 2013.
ResultsAll three patients developed secondary amenorrhea following HPV vacci- nations, which did not resolve upon treatment with hormone replace- Colafrancesco S, Perricone C, Tomljenovic L, ment therapies. In all three cases sexual development was normal and Shoenfeld Y. Human papilloma virus vaccine genetic screen revealed no pertinent abnormalities (i.e., Turner’s syn- and primary ovarian failure: another facet ofthe autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome drome, Fragile X test were all negative). Serological evaluations showed induced by adjuvants. Am J Reprod Immunol low levels of estradiol and increased FSH and LH and in two cases, specific auto-antibodies were detected (antiovarian and anti thyroid), suggestingthat the HPV vaccine triggered an autoimmune response. Pelvic ultra- sound did not reveal any abnormalities in any of the three cases. All threepatients experienced a range of common non-specific post-vaccine symp-toms including nausea, headache, sleep disturbances, arthralgia and arange of cognitive and psychiatric disturbances. According to these clinicalfeatures, a diagnosis of primary ovarian failure (POF) was determinedwhich also fulfilled the required criteria for the ASIA syndrome.
ConclusionWe documented here the evidence of the potential of the HPV vaccineto trigger a life-disabling autoimmune condition. The increasing numberof similar reports of post HPV vaccine-linked autoimmunity and theuncertainty of long-term clinical benefits of HPV vaccination are a mat-ter of public health that warrants further rigorous inquiry.
American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (2013)ª 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd immediately started to complain of burning and heavy sensation in the injected arm, followed by Vaccines against human papilloma virus (HPV) are skin rash and fever. Nausea and stomach aches thought to represent a useful approach in the fight lasted for 2 days after the injection, while in the against cervical cancer. Although vaccines have pro- subsequent 2 weeks, she further complained of ven to be a successful and cost-effective asset for pre- cramping and headache. At the time of the second ventive medicine, local or systemic adverse events, vaccine administration, she reported similar injection following vaccination, have been described. Specifi- site related symptoms, accompanied by sleep distur- cally, there are increasing reports that autoimmune bances, such as insomnia and night sweats. At the disorders can develop after vaccination.1–4 At the time of the third injection, the patient continued to same extent, the association between infectious experience the same symptoms: burning, pain and agents exposure and the development of autoim- heavy sensation in the injected arm, headache and mune diseases is well established.5,6 Recently, a new cramping. Insomnia associated with night sweats syndrome, namely the autoimmune/inflammatory persisted and she started complaining of arthralgia, syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA) or Shoen- anxiety and depression. The patient reported that feld’s syndrome,7–12 has been defined, alluding to the her last period occurred shortly after the last injec- key role of adjuvants in inducing autoimmunity. The tion of the HPV vaccine. The hormonal screening syndromes included in ASIA entail immune-medi- showed the presence of increased follicle-stimulating ated conditions that appear following a chronic stim- hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) asso- ulation of the immune system by agents with ciated with very low levels of estradiol. Beta human adjuvant characteristics.7,10 Post-vaccination autoim- mune phenomena represent a major issue of ASIA excluding pregnancy. The karyotype study was 46 and different vaccines, including the HPV vaccine, XX, while molecular studies ruled out Fragile X have been found as possible causes.3,9,13 Primary syndrome and mutated follicle-stimulating hormone ovarian failure (POF) is a clinical condition with com- receptor (FSHR) gene. A pelvic ultrasound did not plex aetiology in which autoimmune mechanisms show any abnormality. According to these clinical represent 20–30% of the cases.14 This assertion is supported by different evidences: the presence of determined. Even though the patient started therapy lymphocytic oophoritis, the detection of ovarian au- with medroxyprogesterone to stimulate bleeding, no toantibodies and the frequent association with other improvement occurred and she continued to experi- autoimmune diseases.14 Herein, we describe three ence abnormal vaginal bleeding, night sweats, hot clinical cases, including two sisters, who developed POF following administration of the HPV vaccine.
Genetic, metabolic and external environmental fac- tors were excluded as POF causes, while the commondenominator was the previous vaccination with HPV This patient (the younger sister of the above- leading to the development of immune-mediated am- mentioned case) received three administrations of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine at the age of 13 underthe same protocol as her sister. At that time, she hadnormal growth and sexual development. The patient complained, 10 days after the first injection, of gen- A young previously healthy girl received three eral symptoms such as depression and sleep distur- administrations of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine (T0, T1 after 4 months, T2 after 9 months) when she was lightheadedness and tremulousness, anxiety, panic 14 years old. Six months before the first injection, attacks and difficulties in focusing/concentrating in the patient had menarche. Her psycho-physical and her school work. She had menarche at the age of sexual development were normal except that at the 15 years, followed by another period 1 month later time she received the first HPV vaccine dose, she and none thereafter. Laboratory analysis showed high serum levels of FSH and LH with undetectable 2 months). After the first vaccination, the patient estradiol. The genetic test for Turner’s syndrome, American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (2013) Fragile X syndrome and FSHR gene was performed vaccine manufacturer, the authors emphasized the and resulted negative. Interestingly, the patient fact that the post-marketing reporting of vaccine tested positive for antiovarian antibodies. She under- adverse events is voluntary and consequently, it is went a pelvic ultrasound without an evidence of not always possible to reliably estimate the fre- abnormalities. In the light of these findings, a diag- quency of such reactions, let alone to establish a nosis of POF was determined and the patient was causal relationship to the vaccine. Further according treated with several different hormonal replacement to the authors, there may potentially be a group for therapies with a poor therapeutic response.
whom the HPV vaccine is contraindicated andbecause the occurrence of POF carries major healthimplications, a long-term follow-up of ovarian func- tion in a cohort of HPV vaccinated woman should The patient received the quadrivalent HPV vaccine in three administrations (T0, T1 after 2 months, T2 POF is a syndrome consisting of primary or sec- after 4 months) at the age of 21 years. Menarche ondary amenorrhoea, hypergonadotropinemia and occurred when she was 13 years old with normal hypoestrogenemia. POF affects 1% of women under monthly periods and a flow of 5–7 days, with mild 40 years of age, 0.1% under 30 and 0.01% of cramps. A normal sexual development was reported.
women under 20 years and it is an important cause Few months after the last injection of HPV vaccine, of infertility and psychological stress.14 POF in young she started complaining of irregular menses (off by women can indeed have significant consequences 1–2 weeks) without an increase in bleeding or pain.
for future health and prospects of motherhood. The The irregular periods worsened and the patient reported on menstruations every 3 months with (referred to oocyte, enzymes or hormones receptors), bleeding only for 2 days. For this reason, she started autoimmune or environmental causes (such as viral infections, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and pelvic improvement occurred and after discontinuation of surgery) or metabolic disturbances.14 The possible therapy, at the age of 23 years, she complained of autoimmune origin for POF has been speculated for amenorrhoea. The laboratory tests showed the pres- a long time,16 and one of the evidence which sup- ence of very low levels of estradiol and increased ports this origin is its frequent association with other FSH and LH. Testosterone, cortisol and prolactin autoimmune diseases (i.e. thyroiditis, Addison’s dis- serum level were found normal. Although the ease, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, systemic thyroid hormones were also in the normal range, lupus erythematosus, Sjogren’s syndrome, haemolyt- the patients had positive antithyroid peroxidise (TPO) ic anaemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic pur- antibodies (134 IU/mL, n.v. 0–34). The karyotype pura).17 The presence of autoantibodies reactive to evaluation and the search for Fragile X syndrome dis- different parts of the ovary has been detected in played no aberrations. A transvaginal and pelvic many POF cases and the most commonly recognized ultrasound did not reveal any abnormality. According autoantigens are on the ooplasm, theca, granulose, to these findings and clinical features, a diagnosis of corpus luteum or zona pellucida.18–20 More specific POF was determined. Thus, a therapy with medroxy- antigenic targets of autoantibodies have been identi- progesterone and estradiol was attempted, however, fied in steroid cell enzymes including 3b-hydroxys- it did not improve her clinical condition.
teroid dehydrogenase (3b-HSD), cytochrome P450side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450SCC) and 17a-hydroxylase/17,20 Nonetheless, the detection of such antibodies has Herein, we have described three cases of POF follow- yielded conflicting results because of the different ing HPV vaccination. To the best of our knowledge, stages of disease in which the tests were conducted, an additional case of POF in a 16-year-old young methodological differences and the multiplicity of woman who was vaccinated with the quadrivalent potential immune targets. In our cases, only one of HPV recombinant vaccine has already been reported the three patients had positive antiovarian antibod- by Little and Ward.15 In this case, as in our three ies. Given the difficulties in detecting these antibod- cases, no other possible causes of POF were identi- fied other than the HPV vaccine. Quoting the HPV speculated for the other two cases. Indeed, the pres- American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (2013) Table I The Suggested Criteria of Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants (ASIA)7 in the Current Three Cases of Post-Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine Manifested Primary Ovarian Failure (POF). Note That for Positive Diagnosis of ASIA, Fulfilment of Either TwoMajor or One Major and Two Minor Criteria is Required 1. Exposure to an external stimuli (infection, vaccine and/or immune adjuvants) prior to clinical manifestations 2. The appearance of ‘typical’ clinical manifestations; Chronic fatigue, un-refreshing sleep or sleep disturbances 3. Removal of inciting agent induces improvement 1. The appearance of autoantibodies (antiovarian, anti-TPO) 2. Other clinical manifestations (e.g. amenorrhoea) 3. Specific HLA (e.g. HLA DRB1, HLA DQB1) 4. Evolvement of an autoimmune disease (POF) ence of antiovarian antibodies in the second case, in one major and two minor criteria is required. The addition to the finding of the anti-TPO antibodies in criteria for ASIA enable the inclusion of patients the third case, lends support to the idea that autoim- with well-defined autoimmune diseases (i.e. multi- mune responses underlying POF can develop follow- ple sclerosis, lupus) as well as those with ill-defined ing HPV vaccination. Moreover, as POF developed in and non-specific yet clinically relevant conditions two sisters, a genetic susceptibility predisposing to (i.e. myalgia, chronic fatigue and cognitive distur- post-vaccination POF is probable. The very unusual bances) under the spectrum of vaccine adjuvant- early age of disease onset may reinforce this sugges- associated conditions.9 The inclusion of the latter tion as it was already observed in other immune- category of manifestations under ASIA is of special mediated diseases.21,22 Furthermore, the patients importance as these non-specific manifestations are experienced not only POF but also a constellation of all too easily ignored or disregarded as irrelevant and other symptoms, including arthralgia, sleep distur- non-vaccine related not only by patients and physi- bances and cognitive dysfunction, consistent with cians, but also by scientists involved in design of the diagnosis of the ASIA syndrome (Table I).7, 9 vaccine trials.28,29 Nonetheless, many ill-definedmedical conditions that fall under the ASIA spec-trum are frequently disabling and thus of significant The three cases of POF described herein clearly ful- Apart from a shared set of clinical manifestations, filled the criteria for the ASIA syndrome (Table I).
the other main common feature in ASIA is the pres- ASIA comprises a group of diseases including post- ence of an immune adjuvant. An adjuvant is defined as ‘any substance that acts to accelerate, prolong or induced autoimmunity,23 Gulf War syndrome,24 enhance antigen-specific immune response’.24 The adjuvant is able to stimulate the immune system and syndrome25,26 and the sick-building syndrome27 to increase the response to a vaccine, without having which share a common set of signs and symptoms.
any specific antigenic effect in itself.24 Vaccines, Shoenfeld and Agmon-Levin7 proposed four major which contain infectious antigens either attenuated and four minor criteria for ASIA (Table I), and to or recombinant, may induce autoimmunity by means diagnose ASIA, fulfilment of either two major or of similar ‘infectious’ mechanisms such as molecular American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (2013) mimicry, epitope spreading, bystander activation and vaccines appear to be autoimmune neurological dis- polyclonal activation.30,31 When this occurs, it can be eases.49,50 For instance, Sutton et al.42 reported five subacute or sometimes a long time after the vaccina- cases of female patients who developed a multifocal tion (i.e. months to years),32–37 which leads to diffi- or atypical demyelinating syndrome within 21 days culties in identifying a definite causality between of immunization with the quadrivalent HPV vaccine.
vaccination and autoimmune phenomena. The latter As hypothesized by the authors, the temporal associ- will most commonly occur in genetically predisposed ation with demyelinating events in these cases may individuals. Indeed, personal or familial susceptibility be explained by the potent immune-stimulatory to autoimmunity and adverse response to a prior properties of HPV virus-like particles which comprise dose of the vaccine both appear to be associated with the vaccine. Similarly, Chang et al.51 reported two a higher risk of post-vaccination autoimmunity.3,9 cases who developed CNS demyelination closely fol-lowing the administration of the HPV vaccine. Acutedisseminated encephalomyelitis in young women (15 and 17 years old) within 3–8 weeks after HPV In the current literature, there are numerous cases vaccination has also been described.52,53 Altogether, substantiating the link between adverse immune these observations led to the hypothesis that the reactions and HPV vaccines, including fatal reactions.
HPV vaccine may have been released too quickly For example, Lee38 recently reported a case of a into the market, in the absence of rigorous safety teenage girl who underwent sudden unexpected evaluations.49,54,55 Indeed, Gardasil appears to have death approximately 6 months after her third Garda- failed to meet a single one of the four criteria sil HPV vaccine booster. The patient experienced required by the FDA for Fast Track approval.54 adverse manifestations shortly after the first dose ofGardasil injection (i.e. dizziness spells, paraesthesia Adjuvants in HPV Vaccines and Assessment of and memory lapses) which were further exacerbated after the 2nd vaccine booster after which she alsodeveloped excessive tiredness (indicative of chronic One of the most commonly used adjuvant in vaccines fatigue), night sweats, loss of ability to use common is aluminium24 which is also present in HPV vaccines.
There are two different brands of the HPV vaccine: the unexpected ‘racing heart’. Although the autopsy quadrivalent Gardasil (MSD) and the bivalent Cer- examination failed to identify any toxicological, varix (GSK). Both are composed of HPV L1 proteins microbiological or anatomical cause of death, further that self-assemble to form virus-like particles but dif- investigations carried by Dr. Lee39 showed that the fer in the use of adjuvants.56 While the first contains post-mortem blood and splenic tissues tested positive only aluminium hydroxyphosphate sulphate, the sec- for HPV-16 L1 gene DNA fragments corresponding to ond contains a combination of an oil-based adjuvant those previously found in 16 separate Gardasil vials monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and aluminium from different vaccine lots (suspected to represent hydroxide (a proprietary brand of the vaccine manu- contaminants from the vaccine manufacturing pro- facturer otherwise known as ASO4), thus leading to cess). These findings suggested that the quadrivalent diverse boosts in immune responses between the two HPV vaccine was indeed the most probable causal fac- vaccines.57 Another difference is the medium in tor in this particular case. Specifically, the HPV DNA which the vaccines are produced, Trichoplusiani cells fragments detected in Gardasil vials appeared to be for the Cervarix and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the firmly bound to the aluminium adjuvant used in the Gardasil. This distinction is even more intriguing vaccine formulation and thus likely protected against because we know the potential of yeast to trigger enzymatic degradation by endogenous nucleases.40 autoimmune responses.58 Nonetheless, a recent large Additionally, thus far HPV vaccination has been observational study on the safety of the quadrivalent linked to several autoimmune diseases, including HPV vaccine allegedly identified no autoimmune safety concerns.59 However, several important biases neuropathies,42–44 systemic lupus erythematosus,3 might have contributed to the negative findings of the pancreatitis,45 vasculitis,46 thrombocytopenic pur- study. Firstly, the study included all women who pura47 and autoimmune hepatitis.48 Of note, the received at least one dose of the vaccine, thus making most prevalent adverse events associated with HPV this particular population less sensitive for the detec- American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (2013) tion of serious adverse reactions (given that such as an expert witness in cases involving adverse vac- events occur with much lesser frequency when fewer cine reaction in the no-fault U.S. National Vaccine doses of the vaccine are administered). Secondly, the Injury Compensation Program. LT, SC and CP research team failed to recruit appropriate expertise declare no conflict of interests. The authors thank for diagnosis of autoimmune disorders. Namely, no the Dwoskin Family Foundation for support.
ophthalmologist were present during the initialscreening of the study participants which is particu- larly surprising in view of the fact that autoimmune 1 Orbach H, Agmon-Levin N, Zandman-Goddard G: Vaccines and conditions of interest that were examined included autoimmune diseases of the adult. Discov Med 2010; 9:90–97.
rheumatological, autoimmune disorders and neurologi- 2 Agmon-Levin N, Zafrir Y, Paz Z, Shilton T, Zandman-Goddard G, cal/ophthalmic conditions.29,59 Finally, the Safety Shoenfeld Y: Ten cases of systemic lupus erythematosus related to hepatitis B vaccine. Lupus 2009; 18:1192–1197.
Review Committee failed to take into account the fact 3 Gatto M, Agmon-Levin N, Soriano A, Manna R, Maoz-Segal R, that autoimmune manifestations may be non-specific Kivity S, Doria A, Shoenfeld Y: Human papillomavirus vaccine and and not fitting a well-defined autoimmune condi- systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2013. [epub ahead of tion9,25,28 yet severely disabling.26,35,60 Of note, the print]. doi: 10.1007/s10067-013-2266-7.
study was entirely funded by the quadrivalent HPV vac- 4 Shoenfeld Y, Aharon-Maor A, Sherer Y: Vaccination as an additional player in the mosaic of autoimmunity. Clin Exp Rheumatol cine manufacturer Merck and all authors received pre- vious founding from Merck and/or were consultants for 5 Molina V, Shoenfeld Y: Infection, vaccines and other environmental triggers of autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2005; 38:235–245.
Finally, a further major bias in evaluating HPV 6 Kivity S, Agmon-Levin N, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y: Infections and vaccine safety comes from the fact that in all clinical autoimmunity–friends or foes? Trends Immunol 2009; 30:409–414.
7 Shoenfeld Y, Agmon-Levin N: ‘ASIA’ – Autoimmune/inflammatory trials for both Gardasil and Cervarix, safety outcomes syndrome induced by adjuvants. J Autoimmun 2011; 36:4–8.
were compared between vaccine recipients and 8 Meroni PL: Autoimmune or auto-inflammatory syndrome induced those who received an aluminium adjuvant contain- by adjuvants (ASIA): old truths and a new syndrome? J Autoimmun ing ‘placebo’.49,50 This practice is common in vaccine trials,61 despite much evidence showing that alumin- 9 Zafrir Y, Agmon-Levin N, Paz Z, Shilton T, Shoenfeld Y: Autoimmunity following hepatitis B vaccine as part of the spectrum ium in vaccine relevant exposures can be toxic to of ‘Autoimmune (Auto-inflammatory) Syndrome induced by humans,34,35,60 and therefore, its use as a ‘placebo Adjuvants’ (ASIA): analysis of 93 cases. Lupus 2012; 21:146–152.
control’ in vaccine trials can no longer be justified.61 10 Rosenblum H, Shoenfeld Y, Amital H: The common immunogenic etiology of chronic fatigue syndrome: from infections to vaccines via adjuvants to the ASIA syndrome. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2011; 11 Lujan L, Perez M, Salazar E, Alvarez N, Gimeno M, Pinczowski P, We documented here the evidence indicating the Irusta S, Santamaria J, Insausti N, Cortes Y, Figueras L, Cuartielles I, potential of the HPV vaccine to trigger a life- Vila M, Fantova E, Chapulle JL: Autoimmune/autoinflammatory disabling autoimmune-mediated condition such as syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA syndrome) in commercial sheep. Immunol Res 2013; 56:317–324.
POF. Given that persistently infected women with 12 Katzav A, Kivity S, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y, Chapman J: Adjuvant HPV seem not to develop cancer if they are regularly immunization induces high levels of pathogenic antiphospholipid screened and that the long-term clinical benefits of antibodies in genetically prone mice: another facet of the ASIA HPV vaccination are still a matter of speculation, a more rigorous assessment of vaccine risks and bene- 13 Cerpa-Cruz S, Paredes-Casillas P, Landeros Navarro E, Bernard- Medina AG, Martinez-Bonilla G, Gutierrez-Urena S: Adverse events fits is recommend.49,50,62 Thus, physicians should following immunization with vaccines containing adjuvants.
remain within the rigorous rules of evidence-based medicine, to adequately assess the risks versus the 14 Petrikova J, Lazurova I: Ovarian failure and polycystic ovary syndrome. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 11:A471–A478.
15 Little DT, Ward HR: Premature ovarian failure 3 years after menarche in a 16-year-old girl following human papillomavirus vaccination. BMJ Case Rep 2012. [epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.
An informed consent has been received from the 16 Muechler EK, Huang KE, Schenk E: Autoimmunity in premature patients present their cases. Y Shoenfeld has served ovarian failure. Int J Fertil 1991; 36:99–103.
American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (2013) 17 Hoek A, Schoemaker J, Drexhage HA: Premature ovarian failure 37 Shivane A, Hilton DA, Moate RM, Bond PR, Endean A: and ovarian autoimmunity. Endocr Rev 1997; 18:107–134.
Macrophagic myofasciitis: a report of second case from UK.
18 Chattopadhyay D, Sen MR, Katiyar P, Pandey LK: Antiovarian Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:734–736.
antibody in premature ovarian failure. Indian J Med Sci 1999; 38 Lee SH: Detection of human papillomavirus L1 gene DNA fragments in postmortem blood and spleen after Gardasilâ 19 Mande PV, Parikh FR, Hinduja I, Zaveri K, Vaidya R, Gajbhiye R, vaccination – a case report. Adv Biosci Biotechnol 2012; 3:1214– Khole VV: Identification and validation of candidate biomarkers involved in human ovarian autoimmunity. Reprod Biomed Online 39 Lee SH: Detection of human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 gene DNA possibly bound to particulate aluminum adjuvant in the HPV 20 Kelkar RL, Meherji PK, Kadam SS, Gupta SK, Nandedkar TD: vaccine Gardasil. J Inorg Biochem 2012; 112:85–92.
Circulating auto-antibodies against the zona pellucida and thyroid 40 Lee SH: Topological conformational changes of human microsomal antigen in women with premature ovarian failure. J papillomavirus (HPV) DNA bound to an insoluble aluminum salt-A study by low temperature PCR. Adv Biol Chem 2013; 3:76– 21 Poling JS, Frye RE, Shoffner J, Zimmerman AW: Developmental regression and mitochondrial dysfunction in a child with autism. J 41 Souayah N, Michas-Martin PA, Nasar A, Krivitskaya N, Yacoub HA, Khan H, Qureshi AI: Guillain-Barre syndrome after Gardasil 22 Perricone C, Ceccarelli F, Valesini G: An overview on the genetic of vaccination: data from Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System rheumatoid arthritis: a never-ending story. Autoimmun Rev 2011; 2006–2009. Vaccine 2011; 29:886–889.
42 Sutton I, Lahoria R, Tan IL, Clouston P, Barnett MH: CNS 23 Cohen Tervaert JW, Kappel RM: Silicone implant incompatibility demyelination and quadrivalent HPV vaccination. Mult Scler 2009; syndrome (SIIS): a frequent cause of ASIA (Shoenfeld’s syndrome).
43 Wildemann B, Jarius S, Hartmann M, Regula JU, Hametner C: 24 Israeli E, Agmon-Levin N, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y: Adjuvants and Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis following vaccination against autoimmunity. Lupus 2009; 18:1217–1225.
human papilloma virus. Neurology 2009; 72:2132–2133.
25 Gherardi R, Authier F: Macrophagic myofasciitis: characterization 44 Alvarez-Soria MJ, Hernandez-Gonzalez A, Carrasco-Garcia de Leon and pathophysiology. Lupus 2012; 21:184–189.
S, Del Real-Francia MA, Gallardo-Alcaniz MJ, Lopez-Gomez JL: 26 Authier FJ, Sauvat S, Champey J, Drogou I, Coquet M, Gherardi [Demyelinating disease and vaccination of the human RK: Chronic fatigue syndrome in patients with macrophagic papillomavirus.]. Rev Neurol 2011; 52:472–476.
myofasciitis. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48:569–570.
45 Das A, Chang D, Biankin AV, Merrett ND: Pancreatitis following 27 Israeli E, Pardo A: The sick building syndrome as a part of the human papillomavirus vaccination. Med J Aust 2008; 189:178.
autoimmune (auto-inflammatory) syndrome induced by adjuvants.
46 Melo Gomes S, Glover M, Malone M, Brogan P: Vasculitis following HPV immunization. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013;52:581– 28 Shoenfeld Y: HPV vaccines and autoimmune diseases. J Intern Med 47 Pugnet G, Ysebaert L, Bagheri H, Montastruc JL, Laurent G: 29 Tomljenovic L, Shaw CA: No autoimmune safety signal after Immune thrombocytopenic purpura following human vaccination with quadrivalent HPV vaccine Gardasil? J Intern Med papillomavirus vaccination. Vaccine 2009; 27:3690.
48 Della Corte C, Carlucci A, Francalanci P, Alisi A, Nobili V: 30 Agmon-Levin N, Paz Z, Israeli E, Shoenfeld Y: Vaccines and Autoimmune hepatitis type 2 following anti-papillomavirus autoimmunity. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2009; 5:648–652.
vaccination in a 11-year-old girl. Vaccine 2011;29:4654–4656.
31 Israeli E, Agmon-Levin N, Blank M, Chapman J, Shoenfeld Y: 49 Tomljenovic L, Shaw CA: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine Guillain-Barre syndrome–a classical autoimmune disease triggered policy and evidence-based medicine: are they at odds? Ann Med by infection or vaccination. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012; 42:121– 50 Tomljenovic L, Spinosa JP, Shaw CA: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 32 Ryan AM, Bermingham N, Harrington HJ, Keohane C: Atypical vaccines as an option for preventing cervical malignancies: (how) presentation of macrophagic myofasciitis 10 years post vaccination.
effective and safe? Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:1466–1487.
Neuromuscul Disord 2006; 16:867–869.
51 Chang J, Campagnolo D, Vollmer TL, Bomprezzi R: Demyelinating 33 Poser CM, Behan PO: Late onset of Guillain-Barre syndrome. J disease and polyvalent human papilloma virus vaccination. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011; 82:1296–1298.
34 Gherardi RK, Coquet M, Cherin P, Belec L, Moretto P, Dreyfus PA, 52 Mendoza Plasencia Z, Gonzalez Lopez M, Fernandez Sanfiel ML, Pellissier JF, Chariot P, Authier FJ: Macrophagic myofasciitis lesions Muniz Montes JR: [Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis with assess long-term persistence of vaccine-derived aluminium tumefactive lesions after vaccination against human hydroxide in muscle. Brain 2001; 124(Pt 9):1821–1831.
papillomavirus]. Neurologia 2010; 25:58–59.
35 Couette M, Boisse MF, Maison P, Brugieres P, Cesaro P, Chevalier X, 53 Schaffer V, Wimmer S, Rotaru I, Topakian R, Haring HP, Aichner Gherardi RK, Bachoud-Levi AC, Authier FJ: Long-term persistence FT: HPV vaccine: a cornerstone of female health a possible cause of of vaccine-derived aluminum hydroxide is associated with chronic ADEM? J Neurol 2008; 255:1818–1820.
cognitive dysfunction. J Inorg Biochem 2009; 103:1571–1578.
54 Tomljenovic L, Shaw CA: Too fast or not too fast: the FDA’s approval 36 Mikaeloff Y, Caridade G, Suissa S, Tardieu M: Hepatitis B vaccine of Merck’s HPV vaccine gardasil. J Law Med Ethics 2012; 40:673–681.
and the risk of CNS inflammatory demyelination in childhood.
55 Tomljenovic L, Shaw CA: Who profits from uncritical acceptance of biased estimates of vaccine efficacy and safety? Am J Public Health American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (2013) 56 Harper DM, Williams KB: Prophylactic HPV vaccines: current 60 Passeri E, Villa C, Couette M, Itti E, Brugieres P, Cesaro P, Gherardi knowledge of impact on gynecologic premalignancies. Discov Med RK, Bachoud-Levi AC, Authier FJ: Long-term follow-up of cognitive dysfunction in patients with aluminum hydroxide- 57 Schwarz TF: Clinical update of the AS04-adjuvanted human induced macrophagic myofasciitis (MMF). J Inorg Biochem 2011; papillomavirus-16/18 cervical cancer vaccine, Cervarix. Adv Ther 61 Exley C: Aluminium-based adjuvants should not be used as 58 Rinaldi M, Perricone R, Blank M, Perricone C, Shoenfeld Y: Anti- placebos in clinical trials. Vaccine 2011; 29:9289.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae autoantibodies in autoimmune diseases: from 62 Gerhardus A, Razum O: A long story made too short: surrogate bread baking to autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2013.
variables and the communication of HPV vaccine trial results. J [epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1007/s12016-012-8344-9 Epidemiol Community Health 2010; 64:377–378.
59 Chao C, Klein NP, Velicer CM, Sy LS, Slezak JM, Takhar H, 63 Haug C: The risks and benefits of HPV vaccination. JAMA 2009; Ackerson B, Cheetham TC, Hansen J, Deosaransingh K, Emery M, Liaw KL, Jacobsen SJ: Surveillance of autoimmune conditions 64 Tomljenovic L, Wilyman J, Vanamee E, Bark T, Shaw AC: HPV following routine use of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccines and cancer prevention, science versus activism. Infect Agent vaccine. J Intern Med 2011; 271:193–203.
American Journal of Reproductive Immunology (2013)

Source: http://www.luontaisnetti.fi/hpv/3%20cases%20of%20Primary%20Ovarian%20Failure%20following%20HPVvaccination,%20Am%20J%20Reproductive%20Immunol%202013.pdf

Microsoft word - 0000000000042012c.htm

VARIANTE AL VIGENTE PRG PER IL RIEQUILIBRIO DELLA QUALITA' URBANA ATTRAVERSO IL REPERIMENTO DI STANDARDS URBANISTICI COMPLEMENTARI. L'anno Duemiladodici il giorno Venticinque del mese di Gennaio alle ore 17.30, nella sala delle adunanze consiliari della Sede Comunale a seguito di invito diramato dal Presidente in data 20/01/2012 n. 1858, si e' riunito il Consiglio Comunale, convocato per le or

Codelink 1278feb.pdf

President’s Report With another festive season behind us it’s hard to believe another year has passed and all of us will soon be looking forward to the 4th edition of ICD-10-AM training in the earlier part of 2004. For the past year I had the opportunity of working at the Sheikh Khalifa Medical Center (SKMC) in Abu Dhabi, one of the United Arab Emirates. That year gave me the opportunit

© 2010-2017 Pdf Pills Composition