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Scientific Papers, UASVM Bucharest, Series A, Vol. LIV, 2011, ISSN 1222-5339 STUDIES ON MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS USED IN
THE THERAPEUTIC RECIPES IN THE BUCHAREST
UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL
LENUŢA IULIANA EPURE*, GH.V. ROMAN*, ROXANA MĂRĂCINEANU**
*University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest Keywords: medicinal and aromatic plants, therapeutic recipes, hospital
Abstract
Investigation have been carried aut the Bucharest University Hospital in order to collect information on the utilization of medicinal and aromatic plants in therapy to this hospital, for getting a real view on the present status of the importance of plant species and their utilization in therapeutics. The pharmaceuticals have been analysed interms of composition in vegetal material or substances extracted from vegetal material and the recommendation for use. Also, discussions were held with medical staff in view of obtain certain details concerning recommendations of usage, specific reactions of practic to treatmens, etc. Herbal remedies are present in therapeutic recipe of Bucharest University Hospital in very different forms of preparation: 37 proper medicines (products of pharmaceutic industry), 19 preparations for internal use (6 teas, 6 syrups, 7 tinctures), 18 preparations external use (5 cosmetics, 7 gels, 2 lotions, and 4 ointments). Those preparations contains vegetal material from 76 plant species belonging to 42 botanical families. The best represented are the following botanical families: Asteraceae (12 species); Lamiaceae (7 species); Apiaceae (7 species), Fabaceae (4 species); Liliaceae (3 species), Rosaceae (3 species); Solanaceae (3 species); Moraceae (2 species); Polygonaceae (2 species); Fagaceae (2 species); Salicaceae (2 species). As a general conclusion, it can be stated that medicinal and aromatic plants are very present in the recipe used therapeutically in the University Hospital of Bucharest, which proves the importance given to medicinal and aromatic vegetal species in therapy practiced at the highest level of medicinal act. INTRODUCTION
Phytotherapy in the form of preparations with curative intent or nutritional supplements has taken a large scale worldwide, representing an inexpensive alternative medicine allopathic. Especially today, when all States of the world struggle to reduce the costs of the medical system, the use of variants offered by alternative to medicine represents a preferred choice. Phytotherapy has the huge advantage of the reduced adverse reactions or absent and a small number of contraindications, compared with preparations of chemicals synthesis and semi-synthesis of allopathic medicine. The two types of therapy may be associated with much success, having synergistic effect of medication or diminishing allopathic needs. On the general recognition of the importance of aromatic and medicinal plants in therapeutics, there are few concrete data on the extent of their use in current therapeutics in Romania. This was the starting point of the study carried out in a representative hospital unit for our country. MATERIAL AND METHODS
Studies have been carried out in the Bucharest University Hospital, a medical unit with modern equipment and modern technologies of investigation and treatment, with personnel of high qualification, recognized by the professionalism and devotion in the exercise of the medical act. In this context, it was appreciated as an investigation on the utilization of medicinal and aromatic plants in therapy to this hospital can give a correct view of the actual dimensions of the utilization of vegetal material in modern therapeutics. In order to achieve the study was carried out investigations at the level of the whole hospital, and in all specialized departments pharmaceuticals used in various forms: proper medicines; preparations for internal use (teas, syrups, tinctures); preparations for external use (cosmetic, gels, lotions, ointments). These pharmaceuticals have been analysed in terms of composition in vegetal material or substances extracted from vegetal material, the recommendations for use and any contraindications. Also, discussions were held with medical staff in view of certain details concerning recommendations of usage, specific reactions of patients to treatments, etc. The goal of this investigation was to get a real picture of the importance of plant species and their utilization in therapeutics. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Following the investigation conducted has resulted that in the University Hospital of Bucharest are used currently 74 pharmaceuticals containing aromatic and medicinal plants, of which: 37 proper medicines, 6 teas, 6 syrups, teas, 7 tinctures, 5 cosmetics, 7 gels, 2 lotions, and 4 ointments. The 37 medicines identified are based on vegetable material coming from 58 vegetal species, belonging to 37 botanical families. Best represented are the botanical families: Asteraceae (10 species); Lamiaceae (5 species); Apiaceae (3 species); Fabaceae (3 species); Liliaceae (3 species); Moraceae (2 species); Solanaceae (2 species) (Table 1). Table 1
Medicines on the basis of the plant material used in the Bucharest University
Hospital
Medicines
Sambucus nigra; Hypericum perforatum; Daucus carota; ACTIVMOD PLUS
Apium graveolens; Glycyrrhiza glabra; Ulmus glabra ALITENSIN
Viscum album; Crataegus oxyacantha; Allium sativum ANGHIROL
Cynara scolymus
Humulus lupulus; Crataegus oxyacantha L.; Leonurus
ANTISTRES
cardiaca; Tilia Taraxacum officinalis; Urtica dioica; Ranunculus ficaria; API URSOMAX
Rumex alpinus; Allium ursinum Viscum album; Hippophae rhamnoides; Humulus lupulus; ASCOTENSIN
Vaccinium myrthillus; Valeriana officinalis; Allium sativum Inula helenium; Cetraria islandica BRANHOPLANT
Echinaceea angustifolia; Salix alba; Eucalyptus globules; BRANHOSAN
CA+COADA CALULUI
CALMHART
Valeriana officinalis; Humulus lupulus CALMHART PLUS
Valeriana officinalis; Lavandula angustifolia CARBUNE MEDICINAL
(Medicinal coal)
CICOBIL
Cynara scolymus; Cichorium intybus Inula helenium; Salvia officinalis; Malva glabra; Thymus; CLAROVEG
Foeniculum vulgare Chlorella; Arctium lapa; Rhamnus purshianus; Taraxacum DENOXINAL
officinalis; Trifolium partense; Allium sativum; Silybum marianum Arctium lapa; Cichorium intybus; Viola arvensis DIFABIOL
DIFEBIOM
EXTRAVERAL
Atropa belladonna Calendula officinalis; Hypericum perforatum; Origanum vulgare; Simphytum officinalis; Foeniculum officinalis Glycyrrhiza glabra; Cichorium intybus; Solanum nigrum; GERIFORTE
GIMBIR SI SALVIE
Zingiber officinale Roa; Salvia officinalis GINGKO BILOBA
GinkgoPrim
Gingko biloba Chelidonium majus; Hypericum perforatum; Cynara HEPATOBIL
scolymus; Humulus lupulus; Valeriana officinalis HEPATO-DRAINOL
Silybum marianum; Juglans regia; Chelidonium majus; HEPATOFALK
Silybum marianum; Chelidonium majus Cichorium intybus; Achillea millefolium; Solanum nigrum MEGAVITAL
Urtica dioica; Gingko biloba; Rozmarinus officinalis MemoPlus
Gingko biloba; Echinaceea Allium ursinum; Gingko biloba; Ranunculus ficaria; Rumex MEMO URSOMAX
alpines; Urtica dioica; Taraxacum officinalis Vaccinium myrthillus; Morus alba, Morus nigra; Phaseolus NORMODIAB
vulgaris; Betula verrucosa; Juglans regia SILIMARINA
Gingko biloba Aesculus hippocastanum; Vaccinium myrthillus; Ruscus VERIXINAL GEL
Among the preparations for internal use (Table 2), teas are containing vegetal material from six plant species, namely: Hypericum perforatum (hardhay tea); Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile tea); Mentha piperita (peppermint tea); Achillea millefolium (milefoil tea); Cynara scolymus (artichoke tea); Calendula officinalis (marigold tea). These species belong to the following botanical families: Lamiaceae (1 species); Asteraceae (4 species); Hypericaceae (1 species). Syrups are made from vegetal material from 14 species of plants, which belong to the following botanical families: Lamiaceae (2 species); Asteraceae (1 species); Ericaceae (1 species); Apiaceae (2 species); Cannabaceae (1 species); Rosaceae (1 species); Tiliaceae (1 species); Elaeagnaceae (1 species); Araliaceae (1 species); Parmaliaceae (1 species); Plantaginaceae (1 species). Species existing in syrups composition are: Vaccinium myrthillus, Daucus carota (blueberry syrup with carrots and propolis); Humulus lupulus, Crataegus oxyacantha, Leonurus cardiaca, Tilia (anti-stress syrup); Mentha piperita, Thymus, Levisticum officinalis (carminative syrup); Hippophae rhamnoides, Panax ginseng (underbrush+Siberian ginseng syrup); Cetraria islandica, Echinaceea (Cetraria+Echinaceea syrup); Plantago lanceolata (plantain syrup plus). The third type of preparations for internal use - tinctures, contains vegetal material from eight species of plants, which belong to the following botanical families: Lamiaceae (1 species); Asteraceae (4 species); Hypericaceae (1 species); Papaveraceae (1 species). The species present in the composition of tinctures are: Arctium lapa, Hypericum perforatum (burdock tincture); Achillea millefolium (milefoil tincture); Calendula officinalis (marigold tincture); Lavandula angustifolia (lavender tincture); Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile tincture); Taraxacum officinalis (dandelion tincture); Chelidonium majus (common celandine tincture). Table 2
Preparations for internal use, derived from vegetal material, used in the
Bucharest University Hospital
Preparations
Species / Family
Composition
Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae) Matricaria chamomilla (Asteraceae) Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) Tilia (Tiliaceae) Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae) Levisticum officinalis (Apiaceae) Hippophae rhamnoides Cetraria islandica (Parmeliaceae) Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) TINCTURES
Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae) ethylic alcohol 30% 30 g Achilleae Flos, Achillea millefolium (Asteraceae) 70 g ethylic alcohol 30% 30 g Calendulae Flos, 70 g Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) ethylic alcohol 30% 30 g Lavandulae Flos, Lavandula angustifolia (Lamiaceae) 70 g ethylic alcohol 30% 30 g Chamomille Flos, Matricaria chamomilla (Asteraceae) 70 g alcool etilic 30% 30 g Taraxaci Flos, Taraxacum officinalis (Asteraceae) Identified preparations for external therapeutic recipe in the Bucharest Municipal Hospital were the cosmetics, gels, lotions, and ointments. It was found that the cosmetic products (Table 3) were obtained from vegetal material from 10 species of plants, which belong to the following botanical families: Lamiaceae (3 species); Asteraceae (2 species); Rosaceae (2 species); Apiaceae (1 species); Fabaceae (1 species); Eleagnaceae (1 species). The species are: Salvia officinalis, Mentha piperita, Pimpinella anisum, Lavandula angustifolia (mouth rinses); Amygdali dulcis, Hippophae rhamnoides, Mentha piperita (baby-oil); Calendula officinalis, Hippophae rhamnoides (heel cream); Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile cream); Amygdali dulcis, Mellilotus officinalis, Rosa damascena (night cream with almonds, melilot, and rose petals). By comparison, gels are based on vegetal material obtained from 20 plant species belonging to the botanical family: Lamiaceae (3 species); Asteraceae (5 species); Rosaceae (2 species); Apiaceae (3 species); Fabaceae (1 species); Eleagnaceae (1 species); Hypericaceae (1 species); Liliaceae (1 species); Vitaceae (1 species); Myrthaceae (1 species); Polygonaceae (1 species); Fagaceae (1 species); Poaceae (1 species); Salicaceae (1 species); Lauraceae (1 species). Species that have provided raw material for gels are: Aesculus hippocastanum, Vaccinium myrthillus, Ruscus aculeatus (Verixinal Gel); Calendula officinalis, Hypericum perforatum, Aloe vera, Hippophae rhamnoides, Lavandula angustifolia, Centella asiatica (scar gel); Vitis vinifera, Vaccinium myrthillus, Fagopyrum sagittatum, Castanea sativa, Triticum aestivum (Venoforte gel); Castanea sativa, Calendula officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Hypericum perforatum (Veno-tonic gel); Arnica montana, Salix, Thymus, Lavandula angustifolia, Mentha piperita (Kinetic gel); Echinaceea, Arctium lapa, Calendula officinalis (Myco-el); Arnica montana, Mentha piperita, Lavandula angustifolia, Cinnamomum camphora (Herbal gel with arnica). A third type of preparation for external use - lotions, are containing vegetal material from six species of plants from the botanical families: Asteraceae (3 species); Malvaceae (1 species); Solanaceae (1 species). The species present in the lotions composition are: Calendula officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla, Malva (Toning Lotion with plant extracts for normal skin); Zingiber officinale, Arctium lapa, Capsicum annuum (lotion, hair tonic). Finally, ointments are based on vegetal material from six plant species, namely: Hippophae rhamnoides (underbrush ointment); Hippophae rhamnoides, Calendula officinalis, Populus (underbrush, marigold, and poplar buds ointment); Hypericum perforatum, Calendula officinalis, Matricaria chamomilla (hardhay, marigold and chamomile ointment); Chelidonium majus (common celandine ointment). They are representatives of botanical families: Asteraceae (2 species); Elaeagnaceae (1 species); Hypericaceae (1 species); Salicaceae (1 species); Papaveraceae (1 species). Table 3
Preparations for external use derived from vegetal material, used in the
Bucharest University Hospital
Preparations
Species / Family
Composition
COSMETICS
Lavandula angustifolia (Lamiaceae) Amygdali dulcis (Rosaceae) Hippophae rhamnoides (Elaeagnaceae) Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) Hippophae rhamnoides (Elaeagnaceae) Chamomile cream Matricaria chamomilla (Asteraceae) Mellilotus officinalis (Fabaceae) Ruscus aculeatus, Aesculus hippocastanum, Centella asiatica, Vaccinium myrtilus, dextran, Carbomer, triethanoamine methylcloroisotasolinone, methylisotasolinone Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae) Hippophae rhamnoides (Elaeagnaceae) Lavandula angustifolia (Lamiaceae) Centella asiatica (Apiaceae) Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) Vitis vinifera Oil, Vaccinii Fagopyrum sagittatum (Polygonaceae) Triticum aestivum (Poaceae) Castanea sativa (Fagaceae) Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) Matricaria chamomilla (Asteraceae) Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae) Arnica montana (Asteraceae) Salix (Salicaceae) Artemisia absinthium (Asteraceae) Lavandula angustifolia (Lamiaceae) Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae) Echinaceeea (Asteraceae) Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) Lavandula angustifolia (Lamiaceae) Toning lotionwith Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) Matricaria chamomilla (Asteraceae) OINTMENTS
Hippophae rhamnoides (Elaeagnaceae) Hippophae rhamnoides (Elaeagnaceae) Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) Hypericum perforatum (Hypericaceae) Calendula officinalis (Asteraceae) Matricaria chamomilla (Asteraceae) CONCLUSIONS
Studies carried out in Bucharest University Hospital on herbal remedies used in medicinal therapy led to these conclusions: 1. Herbal remedies are present in therapeutic recipe of Bucharest University Hospital in very different forms of preparation: 37 proper medicines (products of pharmaceutic industry), 19 preparations for internal use (6 teas, 6 syrups, 7 tinctures), 18 preparations external use (5 cosmetics, 7 gels, 2 lotions, and 4 ointments). 2. Those preparations contains vegetal material from 76 plant species belonging to 42 botanical families. The best represented are the following botanical families: Asteraceae (12 species); Lamiaceae (7 species); Apiaceae (7 species), Fabaceae (4 species); Liliaceae (3 species), Rosaceae (3 species); Solanaceae (3 species); Moraceae (2 species); Polygonaceae (2 species); Fagaceae (2 species); Salicaceae (2 species). 3. The Asteraceae family is represented by 12 species, contained in 50 preparations, namely: Cichorium intybus (4 pharmaceuticals, medicines); Silybum marianum (4 pharmaceuticals, medicines); Cynara scolymus (4 pharmaceuticals - 3 medicines, 1 tea); Taraxacum officinalis (4 pharmaceuticals - 3 medicines, 1 tincture); Inula helenium (2 pharmaceuticals, medicines); Arctium lapa (5 pharmaceuticals - 2 medicines, 1 tincture, 1 gel, 1 lotion); Achillea millefolium (6 pharmaceuticals - 2 medicines, 1 tea, 1 tincture, 2 ointment); Calendula officinalis (8 pharmaceuticals - 1 medicine, 1 cosmetic, 3 gels, 1 tea, 1 tincture, 1 lotion); Echinaceea (5 pharmaceuticals - 3 medicines, 1 syrup, 1 gel); Matricaria chamomilla (6 pharmaceuticals - 1 tea, 1 lotion, 1 gel, 1 tincture, 1 cosmetic, 1 ointment); Artemisia absinthium (1 gel); Arnica montana (2 gels). 4. The Lamiaceae family is represented by seven species, which are included in the composition of 22 pharmaceuticals, namely: Salvia officinalis (3 pharmaceuticals - 2 medicines, 1 cosmetics); Leonurus cardiaca (2 pharmaceutics - medicine, 1 syrup); Lavandula angustifolia (6 pharmaceutics - medicine, 1 cosmetic, 1 tincture, 3 gels); Origanum vulgare (1 medicine); Thymus (3 pharmaceutics - 1 medicine, 1 syrup, 1 gel); Rozmarinus officinalis (1 medicine); Mentha piperita (6 pharmaceutics - 1 tea, 1 syrup, 2 cosmetics, 2 gels). 5. The Apiaceae family is represented by six species contained in the seven pharmaceuticals, namely: Foeniculum vulgare (2 medicines); Apium graveolens (1 medicine); Daucus carota (2 pharmaceuticals - 1 medicine, 1 tea); Levisticum officinalis (1 syrup); Pimpinella anisum (1 cosmetic); Centella asiatica (1 gel). 6. The Fabaceae family is represented by four species contained in five pharmaceuticals, namely: Glycyrhhiza glabra (2 medicines); Trifolium pratense (1 medicine); Phaseolus vulgaris (1 medicine); Mellilotus officinalis (1 cosmetic). 7. The Liliaceae family is represented by three species contained in seven pharmaceuticals: Allium sativum (3 medicines); Allium ursinum (3 medicines); Ruscus aculeatus (1 medicine). Cannabaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Elaeagnaceae, Equisetaceae, Ericaceae, Fagaceae, Gingkoaceae, Hippocastanaceae, Hypericaceae, Juglandaceae, Laurantaceae, Loranthaceae, Malvaceae, Myrthaceae, Papaveraceae, Parmaliaceae, Plantaginaceae, Poaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rhamnaceae, Tiliaceae, Ulmaceae, Urticaceae, Valerianaceae, Violaceae, Vitaceae, are represented by a single species. As a general conclusion, it can be stated that medicinal and aromatic plants are very present in the recipe used therapeutically in the University Hospital of Bucharest, which proves the importance given to medicinal and aromatic vegetal species in therapy practiced at the highest level of medicinal act. REFERENCES
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