UW-Rock County Philosophy of Sport Stephen E. Schmid UW-Rock County Philosophy of Sport
• What's the difference between licit and illicit drug use?
• Where is the line between these instances of drug use?• Where is the line between performance enhancers that are
• "The never-ending contest between the performance principle and
the cultural restraints that work against it blurs the line separating the licit and the illicit." (237)
Stephen E. Schmid UW-Rock County Philosophy of Sport
• Late 19th c.: Cyclists given alcohol and kola nuts. Scientists
expressed no ethical concerns but saw it as research
• Early 20th c.: Ethical condemnation of doping as sports become
• 1970s: Modern doping bans implemented. • 2012: USADA Antidoping Agency Report reveals systemic
Stephen E. Schmid UW-Rock County Philosophy of Sport
• Part of the challenge in drawing the line between the licit and
illicit is to distinguish between . . .
• Natural vs. Artificial• Nutrient vs. Stimulant• Therapy vs. Enhancement
• Rehabilitation vs. Performance Enhancement• Healing vs. Improving
• What are deviations from "a natural way of life" and which are
Stephen E. Schmid UW-Rock County Philosophy of Sport
• Coined by Peter Kramer in his Listening to Prozac
• Pharmacological Calvinism: "a general mistrust of drugs used
• The problem is that within the therapeutic model and modern
medicine, the distinction is unclear between treating specific disorders or illnesses versus treatments for cosmetic or general enhancement
• Prozac for mood treatment vs. Prozac for sports
• Drugs for daily stress vs. drugs for performance anxiety• Hormones (testosterone) for therapy vs. hormones for
Stephen E. Schmid UW-Rock County Philosophy of Sport
• Building off of Kramer, Hoberman notes the same cycle of
• Initial discovery leads to ethical doubt which leads to
therapeutic concern which culminates in transformative ambition
• Hoberman sees the real ethical issues arising in the
transformative phase, the phase where science/medicine moves beyond therapy to enhancement
• "Supplementary nutrition" is the new phrase describing the
treatment of common aging problems with drugs
Stephen E. Schmid UW-Rock County Philosophy of Sport
• Dual-use drugs are those that can be used for both therapy (for
"the enfeebled") and for enhancement (for "the powerful")
• Hoberman thinks the "gentrification" of these types of drugs will
1. The drugs will become more broadly used as they are marketed to a
2. "Gentrification will also undermine the campaign against doping in
• The "hard line" against doping will soften
3. Gentrification will lead to a slippery slope and blur the lines
between the licit and illicit uses of genetic engineering
Stephen E. Schmid
MERKBLATT „Methoden, Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen der Hiermit möchten wir Ihnen eine kurze Übersicht geben über die Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen der bei uns in der Praxis angebotenen Behandlungsmethoden und Therapien. Die Basis aller erfolgreichen Behandlungen beruhen auf einer fundierten Diagnose. Ärzte und Chiropraktoren, stellen als Medizinalpersonen, die relevanten Diagnosen bei Be
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